The+History+of+Pharmacological+Treatments+for+Schizophrenia

__ **A Timeline of Pharmacological Treatments for Schizophrenia** __

__**The Development of Pharmacological Treatment for Schizophrenia**__ media type="youtube" key="JEc3nDUUa7k" height="315" width="420"
 * First Generation Antipsychotics **
 * Also known as typical antipsychotics, and are effective in reducing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia but not effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Bishara & Taylor, 2008)
 * Several adverse side effects; dry mouth, blurred vision, weight gain, oversensitivity to the sun, movement-control system disturbances (Parkinson's-like symptoms), and tardive dyskinesia


 * 1952-Chlorpromazine (Brand Name: Thorazine) **
 * Synthesized for the first time in December 1951 and released for clinical investigation in May 1952 (Ban, 2007) (Untitled photograph of pills, n.d.)
 * Initially, French neurosurgeon, Henri Laborit was using several different anti-histamines in his search for a drug that would relax patients during surgery and his search lead him to discover the calming effects of Chlorpromazine (Ban, 2007)
 * Psychiatrists, Pierre Deniker and Jean Delay administered Chlorpromazine to patients at the Sainte-Anne mental hospital in Paris and noted the effectiveness of the drug on their patients (Ban, 2007)
 * Chlorpromazine was the first drug used for the pharmacological treatment of mental illnesses and therefore was fundamental in the development of Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychopharmacology
 * Before the discovery of Chlorpromazine patients were given morphine and scopolamine (hyoscine) combinations to reduce excitement and agitation. Additionally, previous treatments did not reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as delusions and hallucinations (Ban, 2007)
 * Chlorpromazine began to be administered to patients throughout Europe and the United States
 * Chlorpromazine has a high burden of Extra Pyramidal Side Effects (Gray & Roth, 2007)

**Other First Generation (Typical) Antipsychotics** (Levinthal, 2010)
 * Haloperidol (Brand Name: Haldol)
 * Thiothixene (Brand Name: Navane)
 * Thioridazine (Brand Name: Mellaril)
 * Trifluperazine (Brand Name: Stelazine)

**Second Generation Antipsychotics** (Levinthal, 2010)
 * Also known as atypical antipsychotics, and are effective in reducing the positive and controversially the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
 * Some adverse side effects such as weight gain, diabetes, increased risk of seizures and Agranulocytosis-loss of white blood cells

**1972-Clozapine (Brand Name: Clorazil)** (Bishara & Taylor, 2008)
 * Synthesized in 1961 and released for clinical investigation in 1972
 * First second generation antipsychotic
 * In 1975, Clozapine was considered unsafe because of its side effects and the manufacturer voluntarily withdrew clozapine
 * In 1989, Clozapine was reintroduced in the United States and began the era of second generation antipsychotics
 * Clozapine has a lower burden of Extra Pyramidal Side Effects, but has its own adverse side effects

(Untitled photograph of clozapine, n.d.)

**Other Second Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics** (Levinthal, 2010)
 * Olanzapine (Brand Name: Zyprexa)
 * Risperidone (Brand Name: Risperdal)
 * Quetiapine (Brand Name: Seroquel)
 * Ziprasidone (Brand Name: Geodon)

**Third Generation Antipsychotics** (Gray & Roth, 2007)
 * Effective in reducing both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
 * Hasn't demonstrated the side effects previously noted in First and Second Generation Antipsychotics

**2002-Aripiprazole (Brand Name: Abilify)** (Levinthal, 2010)
 * Available since 2002, only approved third generation drug
 * Aripiprazole has a lower burden of adverse side effects such as Parkinson' side effects, tardive dyskinesia, agranulotocytosis, weight gain and diabetes
 * Lower discontinuation effect because of the lack of side effects

Comparison of Atypical Antipsychotic Medications Chart (Nasky, 2008)